1. Aādayo titālīsaṃ* vaṇṇā* .1. The forty-three letters, starting with A, are called vaṇṇā.1. Aādayo titālīsaṃ* vaṇṇā* .2. Dasādo sarā* .2. The ten starting with A are sarā.2. Dasādo sarā* .3. Dve dve savaṇṇā.3. Two by two are savaṇṇā.3. Dve dve savaṇṇā.4. Pubbo rasso* .4. The former is rasso.4. Pubbo rasso* .5. Paro dīgho* .5. The latter is dīgho.5. Paro dīgho* .6. Kādayo byañjanā* .6. Those starting with K are byañjanā.6. Kādayo byañjanā* .7. Pañcapañcakā vaggā* .7. The five groups of five are vaggā.7. Pañcapañcakā vaggā* .8. Bindu niggahītaṃ* .8. The bindu is niggahītaṃ.8. Bindu niggahītaṃ* .9. Yuvaṇṇā* jhalā nāmassante* .9. The vowels i and u at the end of a noun become jha and la.9. Yuvaṇṇā jhalā nāmassante.10. Pitthiyaṃ* .10. In the feminine, pa.10. Pitthiyaṃ.11. Ghā* .11. Ghā.11. Ghā.12. Go syālapane* .12. Go in vocative.12. Go syālapane.13. Vidhi visesanaṃ yaṃ tassa* .13. A rule applies to that which is a qualifier.13. Vidhi visesanaṃ yaṃ tassa.14. Sattamiyaṃ pubbassa* .14. In the seventh case, to the preceding.14. Sattamiyaṃ pubbassa.15. Pañcamiyaṃ parassa* .15. In the fifth case, to the succeeding.15. Pañcamiyaṃ parassa.16. Ādissa* .16. To the beginning.16. Ādissa.17. Chaṭṭhiyantassa* .17. To the one ending in the sixth case.17. Chaṭṭhiyantassa.18. Ṅānubandho* .18. Ṅ-anubandha.18. Ṅānubandho.19. Ṭānubandhonekavaṇṇo sabbassa* .19. Ṭ-anubandha and a multi-letter change apply to the whole.19. Ṭānubandhonekavaṇṇo sabbassa.20. Ñakānubandhā ādyantā* .20. Ñ- and K-anubandha apply to the beginning and end respectively.20. Ñakānubandhā ādyantā.21. Mānubandho sarānamantā paro* .21. M-anubandha follows the last vowel.21. Mānubandho sarānamantā paro.22. Vippaṭisedhe* .22. In contradiction.22. Vippaṭisedhe.23. Saṅketo nāvayavonubandho* .23. An indication is not part of the word.23. Saṅketo nāvayavonubandho.24. Vaṇṇaparena savaṇṇopi.24. Along with its own class, after a vowel.24. Vaṇṇaparena savaṇṇopi.25. Ntuvantumantāvantutavantusambandhī* .25. Related to ntu, vantu, mantu, āvantu, tavantu.25. Ntuvantumantāvantutavantusambandhī.26. Saro lopo sare* .26. A vowel is elided before a vowel .26. Nguyên âm lược bỏ khi có nguyên âm theo sau.lokaggo, bhavāsavo, avijjāsavo, avijjānusayo.munindo, munīrito, varavādīrito, itthindriyaṃ.bahūpakāro, bahukā ūmi becomes bahūmi, sarabhuyā ūmi becomes sarabhūmi, sarabhuyā udakaṃ becomes sarabhūdakaṃ.sotindriyaṃ, kāmupādānaṃ, bhavesanā, bhavogho, so tuṇhassa, diṭṭhānusayo, diṭṭhupādānaṃ, diṭṭhekaṭṭhaṃ, diṭṭhogho, mudindriyaṃ, puttā matthi, urassa dukkho, asantettha na dissanti and so forth.27. Paro kvaci* .27. The subsequent (vowel) sometimes .27. Nguyên âm đứng sau đôi khi.taṃ kadāssu bhavissati, kudāssu nāma dummedho, dukkhassantaṃ karissati, yadāssa sīlaṃ paññañca, tadāssu kaṇhaṃ yuñjanti — 'kaṇhaṃ' means a large black ox, taṇhāssa vippahīnā, māssu kujjha rathesabha, satthahārakaṃ vāssa pariyeseyya, āgatāttha tumhe, sotukāmāttha tumhe, māyyo evarūpamakāsi, papaṃ avinduṃ — meaning they obtained abundant water; nālaṃ kabaḷaṃ padātave — the break is pa+ādātaveti, meaning to take; ruppatīti rūpaṃ, bujjhatīti buddho (lengthening); aggīva tappati, itthīva gacchati, nadīva sandati, mātupaṭṭhānaṃ, pitupaṭṭhānaṃ, yete dhammā ādikalyāṇā and so forth.itissa, itipi, assamaṇīsi, akataññūsi, vandehaṃ, sohaṃ, yassadāni, chāyāva anapāyinī, mādisesu kathāva kā, kinnumāva samaṇiyo madhuvā maññati bālo, cakkhundriyaṃ, dveme bhikkhave dhammā, tayome bhikkhave dhammā and so forth.katamā cānanda aniccasaññā.28. Na dve vā.28. Not both, optionally.28. Không hai hoặc.appamādo amataṃ padaṃ, ko imaṃ pathaviṃvicessati.sotindriyaṃ, cakkhundriyaṃ,komaṃ vasaliṃ parāmasissati.29. Parasarassa.29. Of the subsequent vowel.29. Của nguyên âm đứng sau.tvaṃsi, candaṃva vimalaṃ suddhaṃ, cakkaṃva vahato padaṃ, halaṃdāni pakāsituṃ, kinti vadeyyaṃ, cīvaranti, pattanti, bhikkhunti.30. Saṃyogādi lopo.30. Elision of the beginning of a cluster.30. Lược bỏ phụ âm đầu của saṃyoga.pupphaṃsā uppajjati — here vowel elision occurs by the preceding rule; evaṃsa te āsavā pahīnā honti, sace bhutto bhaveyyāhaṃ, sājīvo garahito mama — the break is assa+ājīvo, meaning "be"; bhaveyyāti means "may be".agyāgāraṃ, agyāhito, vutyassa, vityānubhūyate, ekasataṃ khatyā, ratyo, ratyā, ratyaṃ, sakvāhaṃ mārisa devānamindo, and so forth.titthyā puthuso vadanti, catutthyantaṃ, chaṭṭhuntaṃ, cakkhvābādhaṃ, vatthvettha.31. Lopo.31. Elision.31. Lược bỏ.evāhaṃ cintayitvāna, pupphadānaṃ adāsahaṃ — the break is adāsiṃ+ahaṃ, elision of bindu, then elision of the preceding vowel; tuyhatthāya mahāmuni, tuyhevetaṃ dukkaṭaṃ, tāsāhaṃ santike, tesāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi, pañcannetaṃ dhammānaṃ adhivacanaṃ, channetaṃ dhammānaṃ adhivacanaṃ, samaṇa tveva pucchāmi, brāhmaṇa tveva pucchāmi — the break is tvaṃ+eva; vidūnaggamiti.taṃ tuyhamūle paṭidesemi.ariyasaccānadassanaṃ, etaṃ buddhāna sāsanaṃ, khandhānañca paṭipāṭi, dhātuāyatanāna ca.garuḷo uragāmiva, dhammo arahatāmiva, āloko passatāmiva, bako kakkaṭakāmiva, nabhaṃ tārakitāmiva, padumaṃ hatthagatāmiva — in these, there is elision of bindu and lengthening of the preceding vowel before 'ma'.sārāgo, sāratto, avisāhāro, sārambho, sāraddho, sāketaṃ nagaraṃ, sādhāraṇaṃ, saṃ assa atthīti sāmī.kattukāmo, gantukāmo and so forth.32. Syādilopo pubbassekassa.32. Elision of 'syā' and so forth in the former of the two.32. Lược bỏ syādi của từ đầu tiên.syā and so forth of the former word are elided.Ekekaṃ, ekekāni, ekekena, ekekassa, etc.mā –Ekamekaṃ, ekamekāni, etc.33. Tadaminādīni* .33. 'Tadaminā' and so forth.33. Tadaminādīni.tadaminā and so forth are accomplished by this nipātana (irregular formation).Lābu=alābu, pidhānaṃ=apidhānaṃ, dvāraṃ pidahitvā=apidahitvā, gini=aggini, ratnaṃ=ratanaṃ, nhānaṃ=nahānaṃ, asnāti=asanāti, hanti=hanati, hanti kuddho puthujjano, phalaṃ ve kadaliṃ hanti, sakkāro kāpurisaṃ hanti.Vikkosamānā tibbāhi, hanti nesaṃ varaṃ varaṃ.i –Ārāmarukkhacetyāni=cetiyāni, athatthekasataṃ khatyā=khattiyā, tithyā puthuso vadanti.Tithyā puthuso niviṭṭhā=titthiyā.Viddhasto=viddhaṃsito, utrasto=utrāsito, sneho=sineho, klesavatthūni=kilesavatthūni, kriyā=kiriyā, plavanti=pilavanti.u –Paddhāni=padumāni, usmā=usumā, etc.Puttānañhi vadho dukho, mātigho labhate dukhaṃ, appassādā kāmā dukhā, natthi kāmaparaṃ dukhaṃ, sekho=sekkho, apekhā=apekkhā, upasampadāpekho=upasampadāpekkho, etc.Paṭisaṅkhā yoniso, akkhāti=akkhāyati, gandhaṃ ghāti=ghāyati, abhiññā=abhiññāya, pariññā=pariññāya, adhiṭṭhā=adhiṭṭhāya, patiṭṭhā=patiṭṭhāya, āvīkatā hissa phāsu, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, vipāko tadārammaṇatā uppajjati, dasāhaparamatā dhāretabbaṃ, nāyaṃ brāhmaṇabhojanatthā, tilodano hehiti, visasenova gārayho, yassatthā rukkharopakā —visasenovā means a king of such a name, yassatthā dūramāyanti – yassa refers to the belly, pitu atthā candavatī, upādārūpaṃ, anupādā vimutto, saddhāpabbajito, upanidhāpaññatti.Saṃvidhāvahāro, yāti=yāyati, vāti=vāyati, nibbāti=nibbāyati, nibbanti=nibbāyanti, pahāti=pahāyati, sappatisso=sappatissayo, suhado=suhadayo – everywhere y elision,Mukharo=mukhakharo, vācākaraṇo=vākkaraṇo, vācāpatho=byappatho – v becomes by, and shortening. Similarly, byākho=evaṃ viya kho – v becomes by, and lengthening and y elision.lolupo, momuho, kukkuco, susukho, roruvo, etc., to denote emphasis, the word is reduplicated, and letters in the former word are elided.Datto=devadatto, assehi yutto ratho=assaratho, rūpabhavo=rūpaṃ, arūpabhavo=arūpaṃ, etc.34. Sesā dīghā.34. The remaining are long.34. Các nguyên âm còn lại là dài.Tatrāyamādi bhavatiṃ, tatrābhiratimiccheyya, buddhānussati, saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ, anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ, dhammūpasaṃhitā, tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi, tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho, etc.Ajitāti bhagavā avoca, sumedho sājāto cāti, ruppatīti rūpaṃ, bujjhatīti buddho, sādhūtipatissuṇitvā, kiṃsūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ, etc.Tāsāhaṃ, tesāhaṃ.Myāyaṃdhammo, svāhaṃ, vityānubhūyate, etc.35. Byañjane dīgharassā* .35. Long and short vowels before a consonant.35. Nguyên âm dài và ngắn trước phụ âm.Madhuvāmaññati bālo, khantī ca sovacassatā, evaṃ gāme munī care, sakko ujū ca suhujū ca, etc.Uragāmiva, arahatāmiva, passatāmiva, etc.sesadīghe (rule of remaining long vowels).Chārattaṃ mānattaṃ, pakaṭṭhaṃ vacanaṃ pāvacanaṃ, pāsādo, pākāro, pāvassi megho, nagaraṃ pāvisi, pāvekkhi, pārisuddhi, pāṭipado, caturāsītisahassāni, etc.Sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ, sātthikā dhammadesanā, cakkhumāssa yathā andho, etc.bindulutte (elision of anusvāra), sārāgo, sāratto, etc., have already been mentioned before.Yiṭṭhaṃvahutaṃva loke, bhovādi nāma so hoti, yathābhāvi guṇena so, etc.ya, ra, da, the preceding vowel is shortened –tā và to, (nguyên âm) cũng ngắn –36. Yuvaṇṇānameo luttā* .36. i- and u- vowels become e and o when elided.36. Yuvaṇṇānameo luttā.i và u còn lại có thể biến thành e và o theo thứ tự.i đứng sau –u đứng sau –i đứng trước –u đứng trước –37. Yavā sare* .37. y and v before a vowel.37. Yavā sare.i và u có thể biến thành y và v.i –vā (hoặc)?i của các từ iti, pati, atiputi, jāti, abhi, adhi biến thành y. Theo quy tắc ‘tavagga, varaṇāna’..., tavagga biến thành c khi có y. Theo quy tắc ‘vagga, la, sehi te’, y trở thành hình thức trước. Còn trong các từ abhi và adhi, theo quy tắc ‘catutthadutiyesvesa’..., các phụ âm thứ tư của vaggas biến thành phụ âm thứ ba.u –38. Eonaṃ* .38. Of e and o.38. Eonaṃ.e và o có thể biến thành y và v.vā (hoặc)?39. Yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅauvaṅa* .39. i- and u-vowels become iyaṅ and uvaṅ.39. Yuvaṇṇānamiyaṅauvaṅa.i và u có thể biến thành iyaṅa và uvaṅa.ṅa có nghĩa là thay thế toàn bộ (âm tiết).i –i của từ pari được rút ngắn và l được thêm vào, và y được hình thành theo quy tắc ‘yavā sare’, y trở thành hình thức trước.u –40. Vitisseve vā* .40. Of 'iti' before 'eva' optionally.40. Vitisseve vā.eva đứng sau, nguyên âm i của từ iti có thể biến thành v.va)?eva), thus it is designated as 'ocean'.eva, there is the occurrence of aññati-kāra.anuseti + eva + assa; thus the completion of the task (should be) hotveva, or simply hoteva.41. Eonama vaṇṇe* .41. E and O in a vowel.41. Eonama vaṇṇe.e and o, when they are (part of) a vowel, there is optionally an attaṃ (change to a).attaṃ of e mostly occurs in the augment ma and dā.akaramhasetya; having seen beggars who have come; having seen wise ones who have come; what they say: there is no viriya—meaning ye+āhu.ke+assu; whatever (sorrow) is born of your birth, that indeed is born of your old age—the analysis is ye+eva, te+eva; that existence is 'tomorrow'—the vowel is lengthened before a consonant.o:dinno+āsi; there is a path—maggo+atthi; the best is declared; and indeed, the conditionality; the Saṅgha is like a mountain; the sound is like a cicciṭa; yesterday's existence is hiyattanaṃ; morning meal is pātarāso; instructed in the morning; Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana; the best among the Theravādins—the analysis is Kakusandha and thero, meaning Theravāda.42. Gossāvaṅa* .42. Go becomes avaṅa.42. Gossāvaṅa.o of go optionally becomes avaṅa.gavāssaṃ.a becomes u and o:puthū is a single stem; puthunā puthunīti is also seen; apekkhīyāno, apekkhīyāna means apekkhitvā (having waited).anumodīyāno (rejoicing); marīcikūpamaṃ abhisambuddhāno (having fully understood the mirage-like); "May the pisācas not devour me"; "May you live for a hundred years"—meaning "for a hundred years"; that divine (being) is day and night; human for a hundred years—meaning "for a hundred years"; they go in every direction; they fall together in every direction—meaning "in that direction"; a hundredfold; a thousandfold; aññoññaṃ, aññamaññaṃ (each other); ponopuññaṃ, punappunaṃ (again and again); ponobbhavikā taṇhā (craving for renewed existence)—or puno is a single particle; again, that great one, the lord; again, taking the bowl; and now there is no more; our meeting, yours and mine; "I will not again see your face, which is like nectar".i becomes a, u, and e:sakadāgāmī; the state of being a woman is itthattaṃ; thus this—the analysis is evaṃ+imaṃ; you are our Teacher, O Great Sage; O seer, expert in meaning and Dhamma.u becomes i and o:no has a definitive meaning; sosito sotatto ceva—meaning suṭṭhu sītalo suṭṭhu santatto (very cool and very heated); born in the Jambu river is jambonadaṃ (gold).e becomes i:avakandāmasetya; what we do for Brahmā, that we will give to you today; here in winter and summer; in Buddhas and Paccekabuddhas; with these mindful children—meaning cetaputtehi saddhiṃ (together with mindful children).o becomes u:43. Vaggalasehi te.43. Ya by class letters and la, sa.43. Vaggalasehi te.la and sa, the ya consonant sometimes becomes a class letter, la, or sa respectively, or it is stated that ya becomes the preceding sound.nipaka (prudent); the state of being prudent is nepakkaṃ (prudence); the ripening itself is vepakkaṃ; what is to be spoken is vākkaṃ, or vākyaṃ (speech).pāmokkhaṃ (prominence)—where, after the preceding form of ya is made, the first of the initial duplicate (consonant) occurs; the state of being fortunate is sobhaggaṃ (good fortune); dobhaggaṃ (misfortune); what is to be enjoyed is bhoggaṃ (enjoyable); what is to be yoked is yoggaṃ (suitable); the state of regret is kukkuccaṃ (regret); what is to be said is vāccaṃ (speakable); it is said; it is cooked; the work of merchants is vāṇijjaṃ (commerce); what is to be enjoyed is bhojjaṃ (food); what is to be yoked is yojjaṃ (yokeable).44. Tavaggavaraṇānaṃ ye cavaggabayañā* .44. T-class letters, ra, ṇa become C-class letters, ba, ya, ñā.44. Tavaggavaraṇānaṃ ye cavaggabayañā.ya consonant (which is a substitution, inflection, or suffix) follows, the T-class letters, ra, and ṇa optionally become C-class letters, ba, ya, and ñā respectively.45. Tathanarānaṃ ṭaṭhaṇalā* .45. Tathanarānaṃ ṭaṭhaṇalā .46. Vagge vagganto* .46. A nasal of its class for the anusvāra before a consonant of its class.46. Vagge vagganto.47. Mayadā sare* .47. 'ma', 'ya', 'da' before vowels.47. Mayadā sare.48. Yevahisu ño48. 'ñ' before 'ya', 'eva', 'hi'.48. Yevahisu ño49. Ye saṃssa* .49. 'ñ' for 'saṃ' before 'ya'.49. Ye saṃssa.saṃyojanaṃ for saṃyojanaṃ, saññamo for saṃyamo, saññato for saṃyato, saññamati for saṃyamati, saññācikā for saṃyācikā kuṭiṃ, and so on.